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Original Article
Online Published: 18 Apr 2016
 


Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus)

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy.


Abstract
Twelve healthy adult horses (Equus ferrus caballus) collected from Egypt were dissected to provide anatomical descriptions of bilaterally cervicothoracic sympathetic system macroscopically. On left side, cervicothoracic sympathetic system is represented only by the caudal cervical ganglion, which presents on lateral surface of esophagus, cranial to the level of first rib. On right side, cervicothoracic sympathetic system is represented by the caudal and middle cervical ganglion. Caudal cervical ganglion was consisted of the fusion of eighth cervical and first three thoracic nerve ganglia. Caudal directed continuation branch of left ansa subclavia gave off; a pericardial branch and then give branch for ligamentum arteriosum. There is a special sympathetic–parasympathetic communicating branches; on left side, there is only one branch, was present on lateral surface of esophagus, while on right side, there were four branches; two from caudal cervical ganglion and two from middle cervical ganglion. The most suitable site of ganglion blocks from both sides; needle was placed medioventrally between the articulation of first and second rib.

Key words: horse; caudal cervical ganglion; sympathetic nerve; subclavian.


 
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Pubmed Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). AJVS. 2016; 49(1): 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493

Web Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). https://www.alexjvs.com/?mno=221493 [Access: December 01, 2024]. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). AJVS. 2016; 49(1): 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). AJVS. (2016), [cited December 01, 2024]; 49(1): 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


Harvard Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy (2016) Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). AJVS, 49 (1), 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


Turabian Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. 2016. Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 49 (1), 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


Chicago Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. "Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus)." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 49 (2016), 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy. "Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus)." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 49.1 (2016), 12-23. Print. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mohamed M. A. Abumandour, Fatma El-Defrawy (2016) Macro-Anatomical Investigations of the Cervicothoracic Sympathetic System in the Horse (Equus Ferrus Caballus). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 49 (1), 12-23. doi:10.5455/ajvs.221493




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