E-ISSN 2536-9520 | ISSN 1110-2047
 
2026, Vol: 90
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Original Article
Online Published: 19 Jul 2026
 


Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia

Ahmed Byomi, Sherif Zidan, Emad Sakr, Anhar Ali, Marwa Magdy.


Abstract
Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is mostly caused by human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, mining and agriculture. The current investigation assessed the levels of seven metals, including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cupper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in water and muscle, liver, and gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from a set of water bodies in Menofia province derived from branches of the Nile River and some drains in some centers in Menofia Governorate. The detected metals were within limits in the Nile River water and fish collected from the Nile branches but exceeded the permissible limits in drains. Moreover, Oreochromis niloticus collected from drains showed significant irreversible tissue damage in liver, muscle, and gills compared to mild changes in those caught from the Nile. Organ-specific analysis showed that the liver contained the highest concentrations of Fe (77.811 mg/kg), Cu (15.905 mg/kg), Zn (33.134 mg/kg), Cr (1.294 mg/kg), and Cd (0.914 mg/kg), while the gills had the highest levels of Mn (4.254 mg/kg) and Pb (1.903 mg/kg). On the contrary, muscles exhibited the lowest metal concentrations compared to the liver and gills. Regarding human health, in the Nile studied locations, HI results showed insignificant non cancer risk (HI<1) but CR values for Cr and Cd indicated tolerable exposure (10-6 -10-4), and for Pb indicated insignificant exposure (CR< 10-6). On the other hand, HI results for drains exhibited potential non-carcinogenic risk (HI>1). Furthermore, CR values for Cr, Cd and Pb in fish for drains water declared significant exposure (CR>10-4). This study serves as warning signal for the concerned authorities and consumers, particularly those depend mainly on fish as a daily source of protein.

Key words: Heavy metals, Nile tilapia, Histopathology, Oreochromis niloticus, Health risk assessment, Hazard index (HI), Cancer Risk (CR), Egypt


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Byomi A, Zidan S, Sakr E, Ali A, Magdy M. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. AJVS. 2026; 90(0): 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387

Web Style

Byomi A, Zidan S, Sakr E, Ali A, Magdy M. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. https://www.alexjvs.com/?mno=324387 [Access: July 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Byomi A, Zidan S, Sakr E, Ali A, Magdy M. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. AJVS. 2026; 90(0): 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Byomi A, Zidan S, Sakr E, Ali A, Magdy M. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. AJVS. (2026), [cited July 27, 2026]; 90(0): 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


Harvard Style

Byomi, A., Zidan, . S., Sakr, . E., Ali, . A. & Magdy, . M. (2026) Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. AJVS, 90 (0), 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


Turabian Style

Byomi, Ahmed, Sherif Zidan, Emad Sakr, Anhar Ali, and Marwa Magdy. 2026. Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 90 (0), 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


Chicago Style

Byomi, Ahmed, Sherif Zidan, Emad Sakr, Anhar Ali, and Marwa Magdy. "Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 90 (2026), 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Byomi, Ahmed, Sherif Zidan, Emad Sakr, Anhar Ali, and Marwa Magdy. "Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 90.0 (2026), 172-184. Print. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Byomi, A., Zidan, . S., Sakr, . E., Ali, . A. & Magdy, . M. (2026) Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Channels and Drains of Menofia Governorate, Egypt: Bioaccumulation, Histopathological Effects and Human Health Risk Assessment in Nile Tilapia. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 90 (0), 172-184. doi:10.5455/ajvs.324387




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    Egypt.

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